Polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci identified in the common frog (Rana temporaria,Amphibia, Ranidae)

We developed seven microsatellite loci in the common frog, Rana temporaria. There were between 2 and 27 alleles per locus and the expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.28 to 0.96 in a sample of frogs collected in the French Alps. Adding these seven markers to the 15 previously available microsatellite loci for this species should facilitate studies of genetic structure of Rana temporaria populations at a fine geographical scale.     

中国林蛙蝌蚪的食性

本文对河北产中国林蛙蝌蚪的食性进行了系列的试验分析,是对其人工养殖不同发育阶段的饵料配方进行科学探索的一部分。结果表明：不同种类的单一饵料对蝌蚪的生长发育产生不同影响;蝌蚪不同发育时期对饵料趋向性不同;一定比例的人工合成饵料适宜蝌蚪期饲喂。     

金线蛙早期胚胎发育的初步观察

报道了金线蛙的早期胚胎发育。自受精卵期至鳃盖完成期共分为 2 6个时期 ,其发育历程及各时期胚胎外形特征与黑斑蛙基本相似 ,但孵化期比黑斑蛙推迟三个胚期而早于泽蛙 ,在水温 ( 2 0± 0 5)℃及常温 ( 2 1 5～ 2 4℃ )条件下 ,其胚胎发育的全时程分别为 2 1 2 94小时和 1 70 95小时。     

中国林蛙卵人工孵化试验

中国林蛙 (Rana chinensis)是我国重要的经济蛙类之一。近年来 ,由于人们的生态经济意识不强 ,森林环境破坏严重 ,以及滥捕乱捉 ,使得中国林蛙种群数量急剧下降。但在一些地区 ,由于加强对中国林蛙的管护 ,大力发展林蛙人工养殖业 ,使之成为当地经济发展的一项重要支柱产业。由于林蛙人工饲养刚刚起步 ,饲养经验不完善 ,一些问题有待深入研究。如在自然条件下母蛙产卵时期 (4月上旬 )大致相同 ,但据以往观察 ,幼蛙出池时间却有很大差别 ,而出池时间的早晚表现在秋季回归时的体重差别较大 (约 1倍体重 )。因此缩短卵孵化时间 ,促使幼蛙提早…     

Development and characterization of a continuous cell line (EL) from the liver of European eel Anguilla anguilla

In the present study, a new hepatic tissue‐origin cell line from European eel Anguilla anguilla has been developed and characterized. This cell line designated EL has been maintained in Leibovitz L‐15 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum over 72 months, and subcultured more than 90 times. The EL cell line consisted predominantly of fibroblast‐like cells, which could survive over 100 days in vitro, and could grow at 15–32°C. The optimum temperature for growth was 27°C. The chromosome analysis revealed a modal diploid karyotype of 2n = 38. The origin of this cell line was confirmed by the 18S recombinant (r)RNA sequencing. The susceptibility test indicated significant cytopathic effects in the EL cells with regard to the Rana grylio virus and the Herpesvirus anguillae. The viral replication was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Following poly (I:C) exposure, the expression levels of the immune‐related molecules interferon regulatory factor‐7 (irf7) and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) were downregulated in EL cells, whereas the expression levels of the rf3 and the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) were upregulated. All four genes were significantly upregulated following inflammation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These data suggested the application of EL cell line for viral identification, as well as for immunodiagnosis and pharmacological targeting.     

Organization of atrial natriuretic factor-like immunoreactive system in the brain of the frog Rana esculenta during development

Immunocytochemical distribution of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) has been studied in the brain and pituitary of the anuran Rana esculenta during development and in juvenile animals. Using human ANF and rat α-ANF antisera, immunoreactive cell bodies and nerve fibers were revealed in stage II–III tadpoles and in successive larval stages. Soon after hatching, stages II–III, the ANF-like-immunoreactive elements were confined to the preoptic area-median eminence complex. During successive stages of development, new groups of ANF-immunoreactive cell bodies appeared. In larval stage VI, immunoreactive perikarya were found in the rostral part of the anteroventral area of the thalamus and numerous ANF-like-immunoreactive cells appeared in the pars distalis of the pituitary. In larval stages XIV and XVIII, the distribution of ANF immunoreactivity was virtually similar. The ANF-immunoreactive cells in the preoptic nucleus and in the pituitary pars distalis were comparatively more abundant than in stage VI. During the metamorphic climax (stages XXI–XXII), a new group of ANF-immunoreactive cell bodies appeared in the rostral part of the ventrolateral area of the thalamus. During this stage, ANF-immunoreactive fiber projections were found in the pars intermedia for the first time. However, the pars distalis cells were very weakly immunofluorescent. The pattern of ANF immunoreactivity in the brain of juvenile animals was very similar to that described for stages XXI and XXII, whereas the pars distalis cells showed no immunoreactivity. It is conceivable that, early during development, ANF-related peptides may be involved in the regulation of pituitary secretion by means of autocrine mechanisms or may act as a classic pituitary hormone. Received: 28 July 1997 / Accepted: 8 December 1997     

金线蛙入蛰时几项生理常数间的关系研究

本文经统计学分析处理,表明金钱蛙（Ｒａｎａｐｌａｎｃｙｉ）入蛰时的体长与体重、胴体重和体重与肝重、脂肪体重、生殖腺重之间均存在非常显著的线性相关关系。     

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the subfornical organ of the grass frog (Rana pipiens)

Summary The ventricular surface of the subfornical organ of the frog is made up of ependymal cells with numerous apical microvilli, occasional cytoplasmic protrusions and many vacuoles projecting into the lumen of the third ventricle. Between these cells dendrites of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons reach the ventricle to terminate in bulbous enlargements. In addition, flask-shaped encephalo-chromaffin cells, containing granulated vesicles and aggregates of filaments in their cytoplasm, project into the cerebrospinal fluid. Surrounding the centrally located capillaries are enlarged dendrites and axons of heterogeneous morphology, some of which appear to originate within the subfornical organ, intermingled with dendrites and axons of normal structure. The glial cells in this region, especially the microglial cells, often contain large lipofuscin inclusions, suggestive of degeneration and subsequent phagocytosis of some of the enlarged dendrites and axons. The normally scarce neurosecretory peptidergic axons become more evident and form typical Herring bodies in stalk-transected animals. Neuronal perikarya of varying morphology are predominantly located peripheral to the region of enlarged dendrites and axons. Supraependymal macrophages are particularly numerous on the subfornical organ.Abbreviations used CSF cerebrospinal fluid - SEM scanning electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy - SFO subfornical organ - TEM transmission electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy Supported, in part, by NIH grant NB 07492The skillful technical assistance of J.G. Linner and the secretarial assistance of Ann Gerdom are gratefully acknowledged. The SEM studies were made possible through a grant from the Graduate College of Iowa State University and the use of the SEM facility in the Department of Botany